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as long as； even if； even though； if it is the case in this sense； if necessary； if not all； if possible； if so； if； lest； once。。。； provided that； unless
归纳总结类
accordingly； altogether； as a result； consequently； hence； in a word； in brief； in other words； in short； in summary； on the whole； overall； the conclusion can be drawn that。。。； therefore； to conclude； to sum up
三、 解题思路指引
1语段选搭题所选文章一般没有标题，而文章的首段甚至是首句往往是了解文章的窗口，通过首段（或第一、二句）判断出文章的大意，在答题时考生应牢记每一个空格处的句子都是为主题服务的，从而保证不偏离主旨。
2仔细阅读文章选项空缺处附近的语句，锁定目标答案可能具有的特征（重点关注出现频率较高的信息线索词）。
3阅读语段选择，寻找特征词（即在上面提到的信息线索词），利用我们前面基础知识必备中所讲的结构一致、语篇连贯、词汇衔接等技巧寻找线索，结合备选项的特征及其中的线索强调词进行搭配，锁定目标答案。
提示：①选项中出现时间年代时，往往要注意与原文中年代的前后对应关系。
②选项中出现代词时，该选项往往不能放在首句，并要注意指代成立的条件。
it可指代前面的单数名词或整个句子；
they或them指代前面的复数名词；
one指代前面的单数可数名词；
that指代前面的不可数名词或句子；
this指代前面的单数名词或句子。
4再细看语篇原文，明确五个空缺位应填入的选项，并最后将答案嵌入文章，通读全文，检查文章是否主题一致，各段落是否符合统一性（unity）和连贯性（coherence），从而印证所选答案的正确性。这一步与前三步同等重要，切不可忽视。
四、 大纲样题及2005年真题解析
（一）大纲样题
Directions：
In the following text； some sentences have been removed。 For Questions 41—45； choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blanks。 There are two extra choices； which do not fit in any of the blanks。 Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1。 （10 points）
Long before Man lived on the Earth； there were fishes； reptiles； birds； insects； and some mammals。 Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today； others are now extinct； that is； they have no descendants alive now。 41） 。 Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin； so that； apart from color； we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago。 The kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land； often of the plants that grew on it； and even of its climate。
42） 。 Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action； and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water。 Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals； birds； and insects； of which we know nothing。
43） 。 There were also crablike creatures； whose bodies were covered with a horny substance。 The body segments each had two pairs of legs； one pair for walking on the sandy bottom； the other for swimming。 The head was a kind of shield with a pair of pound eyes； often with thousands of lenses。 They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet。
44） 。 Of these； the ammonites are very interesting and important。 They have a shell posed of many chambers； each representing a temporary home of the animal。 As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one。 Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast。
45） 。
About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out。 The mammals quickly developed； and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse。 Many of the later mammals； though now extinct； were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings。
［A］ The shell fish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known。
［B］ Nevertheless； we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils。 From them we can tell their size and shape； how they walked； the kind of food they ate。
［C］ The first animals with true backbones were the fishes； first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago。 About 300 million years ago the amphibians； the animals were able to live both on land and in water； appeared。 They were giant； sometimes 8 feet long； and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam； or layer； or formed。 The amphilbians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land； in the sea； and in the air。
［D］ The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures。 These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world。
［E］ The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea。 Later forms are more plex； and among these are the sealilies； relations of the starfishes； which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed； or to rocks。
［F］ When an animal dies the body； its bones； or shell； may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud。 If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud。 More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell bee embedded and preserved。
［G］ Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks。 Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals； dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression； or simply reduced to a more stable form。
考纲链接
本文严格按照考试大纲的精神选材、设题，文章主干部分总字数为342字，而选项部分总字数为327词，即所有的给出信息总阅读量高达669词。相当于传统阅读题型的一篇半或将近两篇文章的阅读量，因此，该题型要求我们要有较好的阅读方法和一定的阅读理解能力。
文章导读
本文的文章结构脉络非常清晰，其主题是化石和早期生物的进化。文章首先介绍了什么是史前动物，接下来谈论了化石是什么以及化石形成的过程。文章又谈论了化石中保存的生物种类，以及这些生物是如何进化的：首先是简单的生命形式，如贝类动物，然后是脊椎动物，如两栖动物与哺乳动物。爬行动物的时代结束后，包括人类在内的哺乳�