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42The difference between stupidity；foolishness；dumbness and；say；plain boneheadedness
The book is really about foolishness；which is the opposite of wisdom。There are many smart people who are unwise。
43Do you see stupidity as an objective behavior or；as one of your contributors does；a subjective judgment that reflects more on the observer？
Stupidity is not in the behavior；nor in the eyes of the observer。It is in the interaction between the person and the situation。Different kinds of situations elicit different behavior from people。
44“The best way to avoid stupidity is not to be afraid of looking stupid”
People often fail to learn because they do not want to look stupid。As a result；they make or repeat mistakes they could have avoided。
45Of course；some would suggest that certain stupid behaviors are categorizable as something else。Some would say philandering or shoplifting；for example；are products of something other than stupidity。
I think it is a bination of the fallacies I mentioned：Egocentrism；omniscience；omnipotence and invulnerability。Many smart people are philanderers。
Everyone has weaknesses。The issue in terms of the book is what they do about these weaknesses—whether they find ways to make up for them or whether they allow them to destroy their lives。
［A］ The foolish part is in the belief that one need only consider ones own feelings about the matter and not the feelings of others；especially the partner （egocentrism）；that it is not okay for others but that one knows all about these things so it is all right for oneself （omniscience）；that one can basically do whatever one wants because of who one is （omnipotence）；and that；unlike others suckers；one never will get caught （invulnerability）。
［B］ How did Richard Nixon ever get involved in Watergate and the subsequent coverup？What was Bill Clinton thinking when he kept repeating the same mistakes in his personal life？More recently；how did the intelligent people who ran Enron think they would get away with a shell game？ There are lots of examples。And the truth is；some of them are in my own life；too。None of us is immune。
［C］ For example；Clinton was very smart in most domains of his life；but in some kinds of interpersonal situations with women；he appears not to have been。The Enron bloodsuckers may have been perfectly fine in their home lives；but given the chance to rip off a corporation；they went for it。Problem is；we may see how sensibly we behave；on average；so that we are not alert for the kinds of situations where we act foolishly。
［D］ Unfortunately；no。It usually takes others to point it out to us。Or；looking back；we often marvel at how we could have been oblivious to our stupidity。But the problem is that smart people often use their intelligence to find ways to immunize themselves or isolate themselves from feedback。For example；they may hire toadies who just tell them what they want to hear。
［E］ Also；sometimes when they make mistakes；people try to cover them up so as not to appear to have been stupid and then look even stupider when the coverup es to light。That；of course； is what happened to Nixon and Clinton；and to many；many others；such as currency traders who have tried to cover up losses or highlevel executives at software panies who have tried to cover up improprieties。
［F］ The book is not about stupidity in the classical sense；which is usually thought of as a very low IQ。 So I would distinguish the “mental retardation”kind of stupidity from the kind of foolishness this book discusses。The problem is that smart people often do not realize how susceptible they are to being foolish；as any number of world leaders have gone out of their way to show。
答案与解析
41【答案】B
【解析】该段指出一些人智力很高，但从另一种意义上看却似乎在发疯，这到底是什么原因。选项B列举了尼克松、克林顿、安然公司的那些智力很高的但不明智的人来说明研究愚蠢的原因，为正确答案。
42【答案】F
【解析】选项F指出本书不是讨论传说意义上的愚钝，很好地解释本书所讨论纸的愚钝的含义及愚钝、愚蠢、愚笨和傻之间的区别，为正确答案。
43【答案】C
【解析】文章指出愚钝在于人与客观形势之间的相互作用，选项C应用上文例子着重强调不同形势下克林顿、安然的盘剥者们的聪明与愚钝行为的对比，故答案选C。
44【答案】E
【解析】小标题指出避免干蠢事的最好方法是不要害怕显得愚蠢。选项D指出一些聪明者利用自己的智慧或听取他人意见来避免显得愚蠢 ，看似正确，有很强的干扰性。选项E指出一些人犯错误后为了显得没干过蠢事而千方百计加以掩盖，并再次提到尼克松、克林顿等因掩盖错误而显得更愚蠢，很好地解释了上文。所以E更符合题意。
45【答案】A
【解析】选项A对应文中“Egolentnim omniscience；omnipotene invulnerability”并分别加以解释。为正确答案。
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