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ed the reasons for this。 For two years I studied them； going through England； village by village； county by county； town by town。 And I found out what they were。 In England the chief cause was lack of prospect on the land。 We are cramped in England with the remains of a feudal system which works nothing but ill； and under that system it is so that no man on the land seems to have a chance to rise。 The labourer on the land； say at two…and…twenty； is earning as high a wage as he can ever hope to earn。
I ask you； gentlemen； how should any of us like to know that at two…and…twenty we were doing the best we could hope to do in life？ That is the lot of the labourer on the land。 All that he has to look forward to at the end of his long career of forty or fifty years of toil is probably a place in the workhouse。 Is that an attractive prospect？ Then； no doubt； the spread of education； the facilities of travel； and other things of that kind conduce to the immigration into the cities； and this movement goes on with ever…increasing rapidity。
At the present moment in England； I believe we have but one…seventh of our population living on the land。 In the United States； if the figures given me are correct； matters are very little better。 And so it is in other countries — everywhere the land dwellers heap themselves into the cities。 And what happens to them when they get there？ How many succeed？ Not one in five； I say。 The rest of them； for the most part； get nothing。 If sickness strikes a man； when he arises from his bed his place is gone。 His children grow ill through crowding together in narrow courts and unsanitary rooms； and bee decimated by disease。 Bad times e and the workmen are dismissed by the thousand from their employ。 Grey hairs； at any rate； e at last； and with grey hairs the notice to quit； and so they go down； and they go under and bee part of that mass which is known as the submerged tenth — though I imagine there is a good deal more than a tenth。 And there they are — miseries to themselves； useless to their country； and a burden upon the town that has to support them。
Gentlemen； if you think I exaggerate； ask missioner Booth Tucker； and he will tell you。 He will tell you； he who knows； as one of the heads of the great organisation that is today dealing with this class of people。 He will tell you how many children they have to feed in the morning in the big cities in order that they may go to school； how many dock labourers they have to feed； and so on。 He can tell you tales you will scarcely believe of the suffering — the horrible suffering； the inconceivable misery of these great cities which the foolish peoples of the earth rush into to dwell there。
Now； that is what is going on in the great city。 Let us look at the other side of the question。 Let us go to places like Fort Amity； where I saw the Colony of the Salvation Army。 As your president told you； I am not at liberty to forestall my report in any way； but I can say this — that there I went to the schools； as I did in other places； and saw the children。 The parents of these Fort Amity children were taken from a great city； the city of Chicago； where mostly they were working as day labourers。 They came with nothing； in fact； it was necessary to pay the fares of most of them。 They had no prospects； nothing earned； nothing to hope for。 If we could get at the facts； no doubt we should find they lived in one or two rooms； and not too well。 I went and looked at these children。 My daughter photographed them in the schools at Fort Amity。 Never did you see a healthier； happier； more robust； more promising set of children in your life。 And I wondered how these children would have looked had not the Salvation Army had the idea of starting this Colony and had they been left to wander about in the streets of Chicago。 And I wondered also； gentlemen； how many of these faces — these happy； contented faces — would have been wanting； but for the change made in the condition of these children。
But you may be political economists； some of you； and we all know that political economy is a hard doctrine。 And you may say： Well； these people went to the cities of their own accord； let them expiate their fault in the city； let them welter and let them perish there； dead beats； and the world is well rid of them。 Well； I am going to submit； if you will allow me； another side of the argument for your consideration。 If you do not want to do anything on the ground of humanitarianism to help the people； I submit to you； gentlemen； and I submit to everyone； that there is another ground on which the thing should be done； and that is the ground of the welfare of the nation。
I will start out with an axiom。 If the Western nations allow this sort of thing to go on； allow their population to crowd into the cities； then； I say； the career of the Western nations is going to be short。 The city folk； those who remain； will never hold their own in the world — not only because of the weakened physique and changed character； but because of another and more final reason。 Gentlemen； children are not bred in the cities。 There will e a time when the children bred there are too few — it is ing now。 And if the children are not bred； if there is not the supply of healthy children to carry on the nation； how can the nation stand？ With the people on the land it is different。 Self…interest es into play。
A large family is a valuable asset to the small…holder； in the city it is nothing but a drawback。 Let any one of you gentlemen think of himself with a home consisting of a single room in a tenement in New York or a back slum in London； and with six or eight children； and then think of the contrast with those six children upon the land and able to assist in your business of caring for the cattle or carrying on many of the other operations of the farm。 We must look at facts。 With dwellers on the land self…interest es in； on the land alone will the supply of children be available that is necessary to carrying on our white races。 And if they are not carried on in sufficient numbers what of it？ Of course； you have all heard of what they call the yellow peril； and many people have laughed at it as a bogey。 Is it a